Стиль «Ямато-э»
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Этот характерный для китайской живописи стиль берет свое начало в 1644 году, когда Китай оказался под господством маньчжурской династии Цин. В этот период большое количество китайцев вынуждены были переселиться в Японию. Бежав из Китая, они взяли с собой самое дорогое для них - иллюстрированные книги и картины. Содержание этих книг вызвало в Японии интерес.
Монах Тенсю Сюбун (начало XV в.) и его прославленный ученик Сэссю Тойо (1420–1506) глубоко внедрили в японское художественное сознание это китайское видение живописи и мира. В этот период и появляется стиль ямато-э. В этом стиле соединяются живопись в «японском стиле» с китайской абстракцией – живописью ярких красок и старинной национальной традицией.
Подлинная школа ямато-э использует главным образом минеральные краски, которые смешиваются с клеем. Интенсивность полученного цвета зависит от тонкости порошка: чем тоньше порошок, тем светлее цвет. Наложенные на плоскость, то есть на основу шелка или бумаги, эти цвета становятся интенсивнее, глубже, усиленные стремлением к идеализму — общей направленностью японских художников, не слишком озабоченных достижением точного сходства.
Как и китайская живопись, японская, за исключением отдельных портретов, мало использует тень. Если потребность в этом оказывается настоятельной, то используют прием, который называется каэригума и состоит в том, чтобы еще больше высветлить именно светлые фрагменты, вместо того чтобы усилить тень.
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http://beeg-beegcom.in.net/ beeg The spending for 2013 is largely ahead of us. We really haven't spent more than a couple of million dollars against that. A lot of that spending is around hiring. It just takes a lot of the ramp-up. But we -- we're still -- we think we're on track just to -- we're on track on those projects, and therefore I expect that money to be spent this year. And obviously, we'll see meaningful pickup in spending. And that's embedded in the guidance, so kind of flat, quarterly expense performance in this year. We're down $14 million, I'm not suggesting it's necessarily $14 million, but it does grow significantly off of Q2. And then Q4 even accelerates beyond that. But look, we'll see a lot of the same contributors now. Some of things we saw, and look, I think our core business, likely on the cost side, likely to -- performs pretty consistent throughout the year, meaning a lot of things that have contributed to these costs will likely continue. Some of the big numbers, obviously, raw material, that will continue. Pensions was a pretty meaningful contributor in the quarter as well, and that's a recurring issue we expect through the rest of the year. And then once you get below that, it's just been a long list of areas. Everything from production efficiencies and distribution, we'll continue to focus on that. And quite frankly, part of the way we've reorganized, where we've got a kind of a dedicated head over print products and services, a big part of that job is to really wring out some real cost efficiencies out of the distribution manufacturing process. So we think there's more to go there as well. But it's likely to continue to be a fairly long list. I mean, the headcount side, our headcount was modestly down in the quarter. We'll continue to look at areas. But I think it's likely to -- going to continue to just be finding efficiencies wherever we can throughout the company, and that's consistent with what we've seen the first half of this year.
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