Стиль «Ямато-э»
27 января 2017, 07:53
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Этот характерный для китайской живописи стиль берет свое начало в 1644 году, когда Китай оказался под господством маньчжурской династии Цин. В этот период большое количество китайцев вынуждены были переселиться в Японию. Бежав из Китая, они взяли с собой самое дорогое для них - иллюстрированные книги и картины. Содержание этих книг вызвало в Японии интерес.
Монах Тенсю Сюбун (начало XV в.) и его прославленный ученик Сэссю Тойо (1420–1506) глубоко внедрили в японское художественное сознание это китайское видение живописи и мира. В этот период и появляется стиль ямато-э. В этом стиле соединяются живопись в «японском стиле» с китайской абстракцией – живописью ярких красок и старинной национальной традицией.
Подлинная школа ямато-э использует главным образом минеральные краски, которые смешиваются с клеем. Интенсивность полученного цвета зависит от тонкости порошка: чем тоньше порошок, тем светлее цвет. Наложенные на плоскость, то есть на основу шелка или бумаги, эти цвета становятся интенсивнее, глубже, усиленные стремлением к идеализму — общей направленностью японских художников, не слишком озабоченных достижением точного сходства.
Как и китайская живопись, японская, за исключением отдельных портретов, мало использует тень. Если потребность в этом оказывается настоятельной, то используют прием, который называется каэригума и состоит в том, чтобы еще больше высветлить именно светлые фрагменты, вместо того чтобы усилить тень.
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German Chancellor and leader of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) Angela Merkel (2nd R) stands up at the end of preliminary coalition talks between Germany's conservative (CDU/CSU) parties and the Green party at the Parliamentary Society in Berlin October 10, 2013.
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Ecclestone, 82, has denied wrongdoing and will fight to clear his name. The case could mean a further delay to tentative plans to float Formula One on the stock market in Singapore and will revive speculation about an eventual successor to the man who turned the sport into a major global business.
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Speculation China would take a softer line towards the Dalai Lama had been fuelled in part by an essay written by a scholar from the Central Party School, who said that China could take some steps toward resuming talks with the Dalai Lama's representatives, which broke down in 2010.
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One Giants season-ticket holder since 1994, who asked not to be named, doesnât recall any incident such as what happened Sunday in 20 years of coming to games at the Meadowlands. The season-ticket holder explained security is not an issue, rather it has been top-notch over the years.
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New Zealand bounced back in the second race on Saturday,leading the contest by a narrow margin before it was called offfor excessive winds. But a team that had been all but anointedthe new Cup-holder on Friday now has something to prove.
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In a show of the continuing desire for more disclosures following the leaks by former NSA contractor Edward Snowden, Sen. Chuck Schumer (D-New York) asked Comey whether he would support making the FISA court which oversees domestic surveillance more transparent, and support the release of de-classified summaries of that court's opinions. Comey hedged, saying that without more information he couldn't offer a full answer, but argued that the government's undefeated streak before the FISA court shouldn't be seen as evidence that the court is a rubber stamp – but rather that government lawyers take great care to only bring appropriate cases. Schumer, to his credit, remained somewhat skeptical of these assurances.
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The agency's Office of Strategic Technology raised another concern in a 2011 presentation, saying "It is apparent that negligence and incompetence has resulted in a grievous mismanagement of millions of dollars of USMS property ... Simply put, the entire system is broken and drastic measures need to be taken to address the issues ... The 800-pound elephant in the room needs to finally be acknowledged."
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